Wiring Schematic diagram

Friday, September 5, 2014

UV Torch Light

UV (ultra-violet) LEDs can produce eye-catching effects when their light is allowed to interfere with certain colours, particularly with reflected light under near-dark conditions. Also try shining some UV light on a diamond.

Circuit diagram :

UV Torch Light Circuit Diagram

Most UV LEDs require about 3.6 V (the ‘blue’ diode voltage) to light. Here, a MAX761 step-up switching IC is used to provide constant current to bias the UV diode. The IC employs PWM in high-cur-rent mode and automatically changes to PFM mode in low or medium power mode to save (battery) power. To allow it to be used with two AA cells, the MAX761 is configured in bootstrapped mode with voltage-adjustable feedback. Up to four cells may be used to power the schema but they may add more weight than you would like for a torchlight.

To prolong the switch life, R1 is connected to the IC’s SHDN (shutdown) pin. Less than 50 nA will be measured in shutdown mode. Electrolytic capacitor C1 is used to decouple the schema supply voltage. With-out it, ripple and noise may cause instability. The one inductor in the schema, L1, may have any value between about 10 and 50 µH. It stores current in its magnetic field while the MOSFET inside the MAX761 is switched. A toroid inductor is preferred in this position as it will guarantee low stray radiation. D1 has to be a relatively fast diode so don’t be tempted to use an 1N400x because it has a too slow recovery time.

The schema efficiency was measured at about 70%. R2, the resistor on the feed-back pin of the MAX761 effectively determines the amount of constant current, I, sent through the UV LEDs, as follows: R2 = 1.5 / I

where I will be between 2 mA and 35 mA.

Zener diode D4 clamps the output voltage when the load is disconnected, which may happen when one of the UV LEDs breaks down. Without a load, the MAX761 will switch L1 right up to the boost voltage and so destroy itself.

Author : Myo Min

Thursday, September 4, 2014

Simple Voltmeter Circuit

his schema provides a simple means to determine the voltage of a low-impedance voltage source. It works as follows. P1, which is a 1-W potentiometer, forms a voltage divider in combination with R1. The voltage at their junction is buffered by T1, and then passed to reference diode D1 via R3. D1 limits the voltage following the resistor to 2.5 V. An indicator stage consisting of T2, R4 and LED D2 is connected in parallel with D1. As long as the voltage is not limited by D1, the LED will not be fully illuminated. This is the basic operating principle of this measurement schema.

800W Power Amplifier MOSFET

100W Guitar Power Amplifier Rise

The power amp board has remained unchanged since it was first published in 2002. It definitely is not broken, so there is no reason to fix it. The picture below shows a fully assembled board (obtainable as shown as M27). Using TIP35/36C transistors, the output stage is deliberately huge overkill. This ensures reliability under the most arduous stage conditions. No amplifier can be made immune from everything, but this does come close.

Guitar Power Amplifier Board

The power amp (like the earlier version) is loosely based on the 60 Watt amp historically in the past published (Project 03), but its increased gain to match the preamp. Other modifications include the short schema protection - the tiny groups of parts next to the bias diodes (D2 and D3). This new version is not massively different from the original, but has adjustable bias, and is designed to provide a "constant current" (i.e. high impedance) output to the speakers - this is achieved using R23 and R26. Note that with this arrangement, the gain will change depending on the load impedance, with lower impedance giving lower power amp gain. This is not a controversy, so may safely be ignored.

Ought to the output be shorted, the constant current output characteristic will provide an preliminary level of protection, but is not foolproof. The short schema protection will limit the output current to a comparatively safe level, but a sustained short will cause the output transistors to fail if the amp is driven hard. The protection is designed not to operate under normal conditions, but will limit the peak output current to about 8.5 Amps. Under these conditions, the internal fuses (or the output transistors) will probably blow if the short is not detected in time.

Figure 2 - Power Amplifier

Figure two shows the power amp PCB parts - except for R26 which doesnt mount on the board. See Figure 1B to see where this ought to be physically mounted. The bias current is adjustable, & ought to be set for about 25mA dormant current (more on this later). The recommendation for power transistors has been changed to higher power devices. This will give improved reliability under sustained heavy usage.

As shown, the power transistors will have an simple time driving any load down to four ohms. In case you dont use the PCB (or are happy to mount power transistors off the board), you can use TO3 transistors for the output stage. MJ15003/4 transistors are high power, & will run cooler because of the TO-3 casing (lower thermal resistance). Watch out for counterfeits though! Theres plenty of other high power transistors that can be used, & the amp is tolerant of substitutes (as long as their ratings are at least equal to the devices shown). The PCB can accommodate Toshiba or Motorola 150W flat-pack power transistors with relative ease - in case you desired to go that way. TIP3055/2966 or MJE3055/2955 may even be used for light or ordinary duty.

At the input finish (as shown in Figure 1B), there is provision for an auxiliary output, & an input. The latter is switched by the jack, so you can use the "Out" & "In" connections for an outside effects unit. Alternatively, the input jack can be used to connect an outside preamp to the power amp, disconnecting the preamp.

The speaker connections permit up to 8 Ohm speaker cabinets (giving four Ohms). Do not use less than four ohm lots on this amplifier - it is not designed for it, & wont give reliable service!

All the low value (i.e. 0.1 & 0.22 ohm) resistors must be rated at 5W. The 0.22 ohm resistors will get warm, so mount them away from other parts. Needless to say, I recommend using the PCB, as this has been designed for optimum performance, and the amp gives an excellent account of itself. So nice in fact, that it may even be used as a hi-fi amp, and it sounds excellent. In case you were to make use of the amp for hi-fi, the bias current ought to be increased to 50mA. Ideally, you would use better (faster / more linear) output transistors as well, but even with those specified the amp performs well indeed. This is largely because they are run at comparatively low power, and the extreme non-linearity effects would expect with only transistors do not occur because of the parallel output stage.

Make positive that the bias transistor is attached to of the drivers (the PCB is laid out to make this simple to do). A some quantity of heat sink compound as well as a cable tie will do the job well. The diodes are there to protect the amp from catastrophic failure ought to the bias servo be incorrectly wired (or set for maximum current). All diodes ought to be 1N4001 (or 1N400? - anything in the 1N400x range is fine). A heat sink is not needed for any of the driver transistors.

The life of a guitar amp is a hard, and I recommend that you use the largest heat sink you can afford, since it is common to have elevated temperatures on stage (chiefly due to all the lighting), and this reduces the safety margin that normally applies for domestic equipment. The heat sink ought to be rated at 0.5Â° C/Watt to permit for worst case long term operation at up to 40Â°C (this is not unusual on stage).

Make sure that the speaker connectors are isolated from the chassis, to keep the integrity of the earth isolation parts in the power supply, & to make sure that the high impedance output is maintained.

KA2211 Stereo audio power amplifier

This amplifier circuit has a stereo output with a power output of 2 x 5.8 Watt with impedance 4. The frequency response from 30Hz up to 20kHz. Amplifier circuit based on IC KA2211 and supported several other components. Minimum supply voltage of 10 Volt to 18 Volt.

2 X 20 W car amplifier circuit with TDA2009

Minimum Voltage required for this circuit 8 volt and maximum voltage 28 volt . Its can use to amplifier on the electronic devices such us Radio , DVD , MP4 , MP5 , and etc. To amplify the signal sound to audio sound , Maximum output power 2 x 20 Watts with impedance 4 ohm. The circuit is stereo amplifier. You can use the circuit to car amplifier because support to subwoofer speaker. See schematic diagram below :

Wednesday, September 3, 2014

Circuit Battery Charging Regulator

The Charger Circuits / Circuit Battery - Charging Regulator is capable of charging a 12-Volts battery at up to six ampere rate. Other voltages and currents , from 6 to 600 Volts and up to 300 Ampere , can be accomodated by suitable component selection. When the battery voltage reches its fully charged level , the charging SCR shuts off , and a trickle charge , as determined by the value of R4 , continues to flow.
See Circuit Battery - Charging Regulator below :

Circuit Battery - Charging Regulator

You can use the circuit to charge :
Cells battery
Accu wet and dry
Rechargeable battery